What describes the process of conduction in metals?

The process of conduction in metals is effectively described by the drift of a large number of electrons through the lattice. In metallic solids, atoms are arranged in a closely packed lattice structure, and the outer electrons of the metal atoms are not bound to any specific atom; they form what is known as an "electron sea." This cloud of delocalized electrons allows them to move freely throughout the metal.

When a potential difference is applied across the metal, these electrons can drift in response to the electric field. This coordinated movement of electrons contributes significantly to electrical conduction. The high mobility of these delocalized electrons, in conjunction with the structure of the metallic lattice, facilitates the efficient transfer of charge, making metals excellent conductors of electricity.

In contrast, the other processes mentioned, such as the drifting of ions or the movement of protons, do not describe how conduction occurs in metals. Ions are typically involved in ionic conduction, which is more relevant in ionic solids or electrolytes, and protons are not mobile within the metallic lattice. Additionally, while electrons do exhibit random thermal motion at a microscopic level, it is the directed movement under an electric field that is central to the conduction process.